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Counting edges in factorization graphs of numerical semigroup elements

Mariah Moschetti and Christopher O’Neill

Vol. 18 (2025), No. 5, 861–871
Abstract

A numerical semigroup S is an additively closed set of nonnegative integers, and a factorization of an element n of S is an expression of n as a sum of generators of S. It is known that for a given numerical semigroup S, the number of factorizations of n coincides with a quasipolynomial (that is, a polynomial whose coefficients are periodic functions of n). One of the standard methods for computing certain semigroup-theoretic invariants involves assembling a graph or simplicial complex derived from the factorizations of n. We prove that for two such graphs (which we call the factorization support graph and the trade graph), the number of edges coincides with a quasipolynomial function of n, and identify the degree, period, and leading coefficient of each. In the process, we uncover a surprising geometric connection: a combinatorially assembled cubical complex that is homeomorphic to real projective space.

Keywords
numerical semigroup, factorization, quasipolynomial
Mathematical Subject Classification
Primary: 05C25, 20M14
Milestones
Received: 12 January 2024
Revised: 4 May 2024
Accepted: 8 May 2024
Published: 13 November 2025

Communicated by Kenneth S. Berenhaut
Authors
Mariah Moschetti
Mathematics Department
San Diego State University
San Diego, CA
United States
Christopher O’Neill
Mathematics Department
San Diego State University
San Diego, CA
United States