Articular cartilage is a highly mechanical tissue, performing multiple functions to
ensure proper joint movement. Degradation of this tissue may be due to improper
loading conditions that lead to a debilitating condition known as osteoarthritis.
Furthermore, it is believed that mechanical signals transmitted from the tissue to
cellular levels are necessary for the production of essential extracellular matrix
components responsible for cartilage viability. Examinations of the tissue on its most
rudimentary level elucidate mechanical regimens related to cartilage health and
disease. A fundamental unit approach has been employed to study the biomechanical
properties of single cells with discrete pericellular and extracellular matrix layers.
This approach enables researchers to develop definitive relationships between
mechanical stimulation and changes in gene expression corresponding to regenerative
or catabolic processes. The knowledge gained from these studies sheds light on the
etiology of osteoarthritis and elucidate the mechanical loading regimens useful
for promoting articular cartilage health. This review article discusses the
micromechanical environment of the cartilage cell, the chondrocyte, and
the mechanical models and experimental techniques utilized to examine
its physical characteristics. This information is then related to changes in
cellular behavior and its potential toward tissue engineering of articular
cartilage.
