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Influence of
fracture location and dip angle on crack propagation and
grouting reinforcement effectiveness in tunnel surrounding
rock
Xiang Li, Bo Wu, Cong Liu, Shixiang Xu and Kaiyi Xie |
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Vol. 21 (2026), No. 3, 185–208
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Abstract |
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To investigate fracture effects on deep tunnel stability and optimize grouting strategies, rock-like specimens with seven through-going fracture configurations (varying location and dip angle) were prepared using cement mortar and tested under uniaxial compression integrated with digital image correlation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. Sidewall specimens containing 45 inclined fractures were grouted with fly ash, ultra-fine cement, or epoxy resin. A 3D finite element model was established using ABAQUS to simulate stress and displacement field evolution. Results show that fractures in high-stress zones aligned with loading significantly reduce peak strength and induce severe tensile-shear composite failure. Grouting effectively enhances load-bearing capacity; epoxy resin best suppresses tensile crack initiation and increases shear crack proportion. Spalling mass positively correlates with unfavorable fracture geometry; grouting markedly reduces spalling, with stronger adhesives producing finer fragments. This study provides experimental evidence and technical guidance for stability control and grouting optimization in fractured tunnel rock. |
Keywords
tunnel fractures, DIC analysis, grouting reinforcement,
mechanical properties
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Milestones
Received: 7 February 2026
Revised: 23 March 2026
Accepted: 30 May 2026
Published: 7 November 2026
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Authors |
| Xiang Li | |
| School of Water Resources and
Environmental Engineering East China University of Technology Nanchang China |
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| Bo Wu | |
| School of Water Resources and
Environmental Engineering East China University of Technology Nanchang China |
School of Civil and Architecture
Engineering East China University of Technology Nanchang China |
| Cong Liu | |
| School of Civil and Architecture
Engineering East China University of Technology Nanchang China |
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| Shixiang Xu | |
| School of Civil and Architecture
Engineering East China University of Technology Nanchang China |
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| Kaiyi Xie | |
| School of Water Resources and
Environmental Engineering East China University of Technology Nanchang China |
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| © 2026 MSP (Mathematical Sciences Publishers). |
