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Integral formulation of Dirac singular waveguides

Guillaume Bal, Jeremy Hoskins, Solomon Quinn and Manas Rachh

Vol. 8 (2026), No. 2, 331–365
Abstract

This paper concerns a boundary integral formulation for the two-dimensional massive Dirac equation. The mass term is assumed to jump across a one-dimensional interface, which models a transition between two insulating materials. This jump induces surface waves that propagate outward along the interface but decay exponentially in the transverse direction. After providing a derivation of our integral equation, we prove that it has a unique solution for almost all choices of parameters using holomorphic perturbation theory. We then extend these results to a Dirac equation with two interfaces. Finally, we implement a fast numerical method for solving our boundary integral equations and present several numerical examples of solutions and scattering effects.

Keywords
Dirac equation, topological insulators, boundary integral formulation, fast algorithms
Mathematical Subject Classification
Primary: 45F15
Secondary: 65R20
Milestones
Received: 10 August 2024
Revised: 30 October 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
Published: 9 April 2026
Authors
Guillaume Bal
Departments of Statistics and Mathematics
University of Chicago
Chicago, IL
United States
Jeremy Hoskins
Department of Statistics
University of Chicago
Chicago, IL
United States
Solomon Quinn
Center for Computational Mathematics
Flatiron Institute
New York, NY
United States
Manas Rachh
Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Mumbai
India