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Model structures on operads and algebras from a global perspective

Michael Batanin, Florian De Leger and David White

Vol. 8 (2026), No. 3, 389–412
Abstract

This paper studies the homotopy theory of the Grothendieck construction using model categories and semimodel categories, provides a unifying framework for the homotopy theory of operads and their algebras and modules, and uses this framework to produce model structures, rectification results, and properness results in new settings. In contrast to previous authors, we begin with a global (semi)model structure on the Grothendieck construction and induce (semi)model structures on the base and fibers. In our companion paper Batanin et al. (2025) published in Theory and Applications of Categories, we show how to produce such global model structures in general settings. Applications include (commutative) monoids and their modules, numerous flavors of operads encoded by polynomial monads and substitudes (symmetric, nonsymmetric, cyclic, modular, higher operads, dioperads, properads, and PROPs), and twisted modular operads. We also prove a general result for upgrading a semimodel structure to a model structure.

Keywords
model categories, Grothendieck construction, polynomial monads, substitudes, operads, semimodel categories, properness, rectification
Mathematical Subject Classification
Primary: 18C20, 18E10, 18M65, 18M85, 18N40
Secondary: 18N55
Milestones
Received: 18 December 2023
Revised: 10 June 2025
Accepted: 11 August 2025
Published: 6 May 2026
Authors
Michael Batanin
Department of Mathematics
HSE University
Moscow
Russia
Florian De Leger
Mathematical Institute of the Academy
Prague
Czech Republic
David White
Department of Mathematics
Denison University
Granville, OH
United States
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Queen’s University
Kingston, ON
Canada