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      This article is available for purchase or by subscription. See below.
    
        
        
          
            
              Abstract 
             
           
          
            
Let 
A m  
×  
m F ( A ) A A m F ( A ) A { F ( A n ) } n = 1 ∞ F ( A ) ≤  4 F ( A ) ≥  m 2 −  2 m  
+  2 F ( A ) =  5 
 
           
        
            
    
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              Keywords 
              
                nonnegative matrix, power, monotonicity, directed graph,
                adjacency matrix
              
             
           
        
        
          
            
              Mathematical Subject Classification 
              
                Primary: 05C20, 15B34, 15B48
              
             
           
        
        
          
            
              Milestones 
              
                Received: 12 March 2021
              
              
                Revised: 10 April 2021
              
              
                Accepted: 28 April 2021
              
              
                Published: 23 October 2021
              
                Communicated by Ronald Gould