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The ternary cyclotomic polynomials $\Phi_{3pq}$

Alexandre Benoist and Antonella Perucca

Vol. 19 (2026), No. 1, 51–72
Abstract

Cyclotomic polynomials are a classical and fundamental topic in number theory, and still an active field of research. The aim of this work is providing a formula for the family of ternary cyclotomic polynomials Φ3pq, where p < q are prime numbers greater than 3 such that q ±1,±2 mod 3p and q > 3p. We can derive various properties from our formula. In particular, we prove a conjecture of Zhang on the number of maximum gaps for the coefficients.

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Keywords
cyclotomic polynomials, ternary cyclotomic polynomials, maximum gap, number of coefficients
Mathematical Subject Classification
Primary: 11C08
Secondary: 11Y99
Milestones
Received: 5 July 2023
Revised: 13 May 2024
Accepted: 25 August 2024
Published: 25 January 2026

Communicated by Amanda Folsom
Authors
Alexandre Benoist
Department of Mathematics
University of Luxembourg
Esch-sur-Alzette
Luxembourg
Antonella Perucca
Department of Mathematics
University of Luxembourg
Esch-sur-Alzette
Luxembourg