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Kunz languages for numerical semigroups are context sensitive

Manuel Delgado and Jaume Usó i Cubertorer

Vol. 19 (2026), No. 2, 233–248
Abstract

There is a one-to-one and onto correspondence between the class of numerical semigroups of depth n, where n is an integer, and a certain language over the alphabet {1,,n}, which we call a Kunz language of depth n. The Kunz language associated with the numerical semigroups of depth 2 is the regular language {1,2}2{1,2}. We prove that Kunz languages associated with numerical semigroups of larger depth are context-sensitive but not regular.

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Keywords
numerical semigroup, Kunz languages, Chomsky hierarchy
Mathematical Subject Classification
Primary: 20M14, 68Q45
Milestones
Received: 23 July 2023
Revised: 5 September 2024
Accepted: 9 September 2024
Published: 8 March 2026

Communicated by Nathan Kaplan
Authors
Manuel Delgado
Departamento de Matemática
Faculdade de Ciências
CMUP–Centro de Matemática da Universidade do Porto
Porto
Portugal
Jaume Usó i Cubertorer
Departamento de Matemática
Faculdade de Ciências
CMUP–Centro de Matemática da Universidade do Porto
Porto
Portugal